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In our world, things are usually straightforward and logical. A car is either at rest or moving, the stereo is either on or off. A cat is either a dead or alive, one state or the other. There is no middle ground or a combination of states. However, the same can't be said about the world on the most fundamental level on the scale of most basic particles were made of. On that scale, a particle doesn't exist in one state or the other, but in a number of states all at once. Like, Schrödinger explained a cat of the fundamental world would not be either dead or alive. It would exist between the two states, both dead and alive. This, he called superposition. Where a particle exists in a combination of states. Strange, right? Hmm. But this is the strange realm called the quantum world, ruled by quantum physics. It has become quite a popular subject in recent years and the bulk of credit goes to science fiction. The theories of alternate universes and time travel are certainly keeping us entertained. But what exactly is this subject that is feeding the world of sci-fi with so much great content? What is quantum physics? Quantum is a Latin word that literally means how much. But it is used for talking about the minimum amount of some physical entity. Apply, the usage represent the most elementary particles that are the basics for the minimum of this very big world. So quantum physics deals with the foundation of our world. The electrons in an atom, the protons inside the nucleus and the quarks that build those protons, as well as the photons that we perceive as light. These constitute everything that we are made of, both matter and energy. That sounds pretty simple, right? So how is this any different from regular physics? The regular physics is the physics that deal with Newton's laws of motion and it's related to chaos. This is more formally called classical physics. This is the physics of our day-to-day lives, the rolling of balls, the rotation of the earth and the mechanics of engines. However, if classical physics is so wide-ranging, why was it insufficient? We must go back in time to the 1900s to witness the birth of quantum physics. This was a time when scientists were still unable to understand the observations of the photoelectric effect. Simply put, the photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which light hits metal, resulting in the knocking off of electrons. According to normal physics, the electrons should start escaping the metal when the brightness of the light exceeds a sufficient limit. Yet in reality, it was the color of light that determined whether electrons would be emitted or not. This was when Albert Einstein turned to Max Planck's equation. Planck's equation stated that light waves carry energy in small packets called Quanta. This explained how each color of light had a specific amount of energy associated with its wavelength. This energy, in turn, was responsible for the electrons getting knocked off.